Political Institutions of Governments Under Scrutiny: a Global Experience

Jacob Dut Chol  Riak

Authors

Jacob Dut Chol Riak Senior Researcher and Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Juba, South Sudan

Keywords:

Political, Institutions, Governments, Scrutiny, Global, Experience, Political Systems, Parliamentary, Presidential, Hybrid

Abstract

Institutions have emerged as the core engine of any functioning government. While a government is the product of the state, it must be effectively driven by institutions-particularly political institutions. Drawing from the works of Bevir (2008), this study emphasizes that institutions-defined as rules, procedures, policies, laws, regulations, and systems-are essential constraints that guide governance within any polity. The study explores various political systems, including parliamentary, presidential, and hybrid (mixed) systems, through global case studies. Each system presents its own strengths and weaknesses; however, the study stresses that the choice of a political system must be context-specific and environmentally relevant to the society it governs. Beyond the mere existence of institutions, the study argues that their operational effectiveness is what truly matters. Institutions must not only exist but also function efficiently and be driven by capable individuals. The presence of no institutions is detrimental, but the existence of weak institutions is even more harmful. Most critically, strong institutions without strong, ethical, and competent individuals can lead to institutional failure and governance collapse. Through critical analysis of global experiences, the study concludes that institutions must be deliberately established, supported by a political culture that promotes respect and adherence, especially among elites. Furthermore, for institutions to yield meaningful results, they must be led by individuals with high competence, integrity, and dedication to national service.

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