International Journal Papier Public Review

Political Institutions of Governments Under Scrutiny: a Global Experience

Jacob Dut Chol Riak — 2025-06-30

Institutions have emerged as the core engine of any functioning government. While a government is the product of the state, it must be effectively driven by institutions-particularly political institutions. Drawing from the works of Bevir (2008), this study emphasizes that institutions-defined as rules, procedures, policies, laws, regulations, and systems-are essential constraints that guide governance within any polity. The study explores various political systems, including parliamentary, presidential, and hybrid (mixed) systems, through global case studies. Each system presents its own strengths and weaknesses; however, the study stresses that the choice of a political system must be context-specific and environmentally relevant to the society it governs. Beyond the mere existence of institutions, the study argues that their operational effectiveness is what truly matters. Institutions must not only exist but also function efficiently and be driven by capable individuals. The presence of no institutions is detrimental, but the existence of weak institutions is even more harmful. Most critically, strong institutions without strong, ethical, and competent individuals can lead to institutional failure and governance collapse. Through critical analysis of global experiences, the study concludes that institutions must be deliberately established, supported by a political culture that promotes respect and adherence, especially among elites. Furthermore, for institutions to yield meaningful results, they must be led by individuals with high competence, integrity, and dedication to national service.

The Influence of Financial Technology, Financial Literacy and Risk Perception on Stock Investment Decisions Through Financial Behavior as a Moderating Variable on Generation Z in Pontianak City

Teresiwi Wulan — 2025-06-30

Investment is an activity of investing funds in an asset with the aim of obtaining future returns, which are differentiated based on instruments, time periods, and risk levels. Currently, people's investment interest, especially Generation Z, is increasing along with technological advances and easy access to information through digital platforms based on financial technology (fintech). However, this convenience is not always accompanied by an understanding of risk, so financial literacy becomes important. Risk perception is also an important factor in making investment decisions, especially with the threat of digital security. This study aims to analyze the influence of fintech, financial literacy, and risk perception on investment decisions with financial behavior as a moderating variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with an associative research type. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 150 Generation Z respondents in Pontianak City who are actively investing, with purposive sampling techniques and analysis using a structural model (SEM-PLS). The results show that all indicators are valid and reliable. R-Square and Q-Square show that the model has good clarity and predictive relevance, and SRMR shows adequate model suitability. The results of the hypothesis testing show that fintech and financial literacy have a positive but insignificant effect on investment decisions, while risk perception and financial behavior have a positive and significant effect. Financial behavior is also proven to significantly moderate the relationship between fintech and risk perception on investment decisions.

Contributions and Characteristics of Maritime Higher Education Institutions (PTKL) in the Sea Transportation Sector Supporting the Advancement of the National and International Shipping Industry

Ilham Ashari — 2025-07-10

Indonesia being the largest archipelagic nation that owns more than 17000 islands and 70 percent of its territory is maritime has strategic advantage in the global maritime industry. This article presents the aspects of contribution and institutional profile of the Maritime Higher Education Institutions (the Higher Education Ministries and Institutions PTKL) within the framework of the Ministry of Transportation, which play a major role in the production of the maritime human resource qualified both internationally and professionally. The study focuses on the peculiar educational model of PTKLs, combining vocational training, certification based on the STCW, boarding school discipline, and a curriculum focused on the industrial realm by using a qualitative descriptive approach and the document analysis-based approach. The results indicate that PTKLs essentially meet the national labor demands but help essentially to supply Indonesia to the worldwide domain as the 3 rd. largest ones to supply seafarers globally. The system has more than 234 maritime institutions comprising core PTKLs such as STIP Jakarta and PIP Semarang and it yields an approximate 1,800 certified graduates each year. Additionally, PTKLs enjoy strategic alliances with more than 400 bodies such as the shipping companies, foreign academies, and port authorities. Although they are proven to be effective, PTKLs pose a regulatory challenge because there is a misalignment of the accreditation frameworks and no formal recognition of PTKLs in the national law of education. The article ends with suggestions of the formation of special maritime accreditation bodies, convergence of vocational standards and institutionalization of financial arrangements to promote the long-term competitiveness. Enhancement of PTKLs will play a key role in the future of Indonesia and its status as a Global Maritime Fulcrum.