Policy Implementation: Fishery Policy Related to Local Government Management

This article discusses the implementation of fisheries policies related to local government management. The results show that the Cambodian government needs to pay attention to incentives for local entrepreneurs. As a manager, the district government has the authority to carry out the functions delegated to him from the provincial government. Likewise with regents who have many tasks, it is necessary to delegate part of their authority to the officials below them. In implementing regional government policies that focus on implementation, it will indirectly improve the performance of fisheries management policies. Empowerment of fishermen should also be directed to provide alternative solutions for fishermen during the dry season. The hope is that fishermen who are poor and vulnerable to being categorized as poor can improve their welfare. In the government system, top level management gives authority to lower management to carry out certain functions. It's been done well. Potential fishery resources need to be managed legally in the form of regional political decisions. Political decisions that are translated into district regulations are a form of local government policy.


Introduction
Policies that have been formulated and implemented are evaluated on their success, whether they are in accordance with the desired objectives or not, for that it is necessary to look at the performance of the policy. The concept of policy performance is always defined as what is seen from the program that has been implemented. This concerns all aspects related to the policies that have been implemented.
Cheema and Rondinelli said that the success of a policy can be seen from the performance of policies that include achieving goals, increasing the ability of government in local units to plan and mobilize resources, increase productivity and income, increase community participation and increase access to government facilities (Flora et al, 2007).
Furthermore, performance generally shows the level of pre-determined goals to be achieved (Murphy, 2000). In addition, Russel & Bernadin (1998) explain in more detail providing limitations regarding performance, namely the record of outcomes resulting from the function of a particular job or activity during a certain period of time.
The opinion above shows that the performance or performance of a development program is always associated with the activity of achieving policy objectives. The achievement of the goal itself is an activity that always wants to be realized in every development program implementation (Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975). Seeing this, it can be understood the realization of the stated goals, so it can be seen the level of performance of the implementation of certain policies.
Then, if performance is linked to policy implementation, it can be described that a project as an activity of a program (including a fisheries area's original revenue source management policy so that it can be an effective target to achieve goals, according to Chambers (1994) must be prepared with a simple and broad procedure. , and can be understood easily by the executor. Performance is defined as the level of achievement of the degree of accomplishment or in other words, performance is the level of achievement of a policy. Basically, policy performance is an assessment of the level of achievement of policy standards or targets. The level of achievement of these standards and policy objectives is something that can be achieved by the actors involved (Waheed, 2016).
Simplicity of procedures in addition to smoothing the course of policy implementation, also allows the emergence of useful initiatives among implementers. The success or failure of a policy to achieve predetermined goals and objectives is a measure in assessing the performance of a particular policy (Voets et al., 2008). To examine the implementation aspects of a policy, the resulting performance or outcome is the dependent variable, while the factors affecting the policy implementation performance are categorized as influence / independent variables.
The dependent variable in this study is the success of fisheries management policies in the district, namely the suitability between the policy implementation process and the stipulated provisions. After implementation, it will be seen the actual performance or impact of the policy which is expected to occur in the form of increased PAD, increased community income, reduced social vulnerability, environmental sustainability of the area.

Methods
This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods and through a case study approach, namely fisheries policy. The observation technique is a data collection technique by means of the researcher making direct observations in the field. data collection methods aimed at searching for data and information. Data analysis was performed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.

Factors Affecting Implementation of Fisheries Management Policies
The factors that influence the implementation of fisheries management policies are used in this study as an independent variable. In finding the factors that influence the implementation of fisheries management policies, the author tries to refer to several models developed by several experts in policy implementation studies such as (Van Meter & van Horn 1975;Grindle 1980;Edward III, 1980;Mazmanian & Sabatier, 1983). Departing from the opinion of experts in implementation studies, factors that influence the performance of policy implementation in the field are sought. The findings on these factors are formulated and adjusted with the opinions of several experts in implementation studies.
There are several models of implementation studies developed by several experts, as follows: (1) Model of the implementation process, Van Meter & Van Horn (1975) said that policy implementation will be successful if the desired changes are relatively few, while agreement on objectives, especially those who operating programs in the field is relatively high. This means that the road connecting policy and work performance is separated by a number of variables (independent variables), namely: Standards and objectives, Resources, Interorganizational communication and enforcement activities, Characteristics of implementing agencies, Economic, political and social conditions, and the disposition. of implementors.
(2) The implementing influence model on implementation, Grindle said that after the policy is transformed into an action program or individual project, with the provision of funds, the policy implementation is carried out. The implementation itself depends on the implementability of the program, which can be seen from: the content of the policy which The policy implementation process model, Sabatier and Mazmanian identifies the variables that affect the achievement of formal goals in the entire implementation process into three broad categories, namely: (1) Characteristics of the problem, such as: the diversity of behavior of the target group, the nature of the population, the degree of change in behavior It is expected, (2) The structure of program management is reflected in various kinds of regulations that operationalize policies, such as: clarity of objectives, adequate financial resources, integrity of implementing organizations, discretion of executors, (3) factors outside of regulations, such as: socio-economic conditions , attention of the press to policy issues, public support, attitudes and resources of the main target groups, support of authority, commitment and capacity of executing officials. From some of the opinions of experts in implementation studies above, it can be formulated in the Grand Theory, that the factors that influence the performance of policy implementation can be grouped into three, namely: (1) Policy factors: type of policy, policy benefits, location of decision makers, scope of policy objectives, legitimacy of policy makers, perceptions of policies, (2) organizational factors: type of organization, size of organization, interdependence, implementation structure, resources, organizational culture, (3) environmental factors: social, economic and cultural conditions, demographic conditions. In general, it can be concluded that the policy implementation models put forward by the experts above can influence the success rate of implementing a policy. If we pay close attention, these various models show an interrelation with one another, or they both discuss the existence of certain factors that are very important and strong in influencing policy implementation, for example those involving shared resource factors.
Starting from the theoretical framework above, the writer tries to connect the research object of fisheries management policy implementation with the variables put forward by several experts in policy implementation studies. Not all research object variables are disclosed, only variables that are considered important (have a big influence) are used to examine this policy research problem. If it is related to the problems that have been formulated, namely what factors affect the performance of fisheries management policies, it is assumed that there are three factors that have a major influence on the level of performance of this policy implementation, namely: authority, resources, attitude (commitment).
The relationship between the variables of authority, resources, attitudes as independent variables on the performance of the implementation of fisheries management policies will explain the authority. Authority is the basis or foundation on which management carries out its activities in order to influence the activities of subordinates at the organizational hierarchy level. Authority derives from regulations, norms/provisions that provide clarity about the scope (scope) and which limit its implementation. The authority exercised by government management is a tool of political power which has established logical competencies to improve public services. Authority is very necessary in order to realize the goals of the government entrusted to the administrative apparatus, without authority it is difficult for organizations to achieve goals. Authority contains the obligation to carry out duties and responsibilities for the results of his work. Power in authority does not mean being able to act at will but in matters of direction to conform to the corridors of regulations, but it also contains the power to act if there is fraud. In the government system, top level management gives authority to lower management to carry out certain functions. The delegation of authority can be done in writing or not written, explicitly or implicitly. For government bureaucracy, the authority is given in writing so that lower management has a legal basis to act. Effective bureaucracy gives delegation of authority (distribution of power) to the implementing apparatus according to the bureaucratic level to carry out policies. As a district government manager, the district head has the authority to carry out the functions delegated to him from the provincial government. Likewise with regents who have many tasks, it is necessary to delegate part of their authority to the officials below them. In this fisheries management policy, the sub-district head is tasked with carrying out auctions in his administrative area and monitoring the exploitation and preservation activities of these objects.
The hypothesis that can be built is that with full authority without interference from local elites in policy implementation it will improve the performance of fisheries management policies. Local entrepreneurs should invest in animal feed processing plants to reduce dependence on imports. The Cambodian government will prepare several incentives for these local entrepreneurs.
The challenge is the high cost of electricity. The Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (ARDB) will provide financial support. We can reduce electricity costs for investment in animal feed production and we need to learn how much it costs. For this reason, empowerment of fishermen also needs to be directed to provide alternative solutions for fishermen during the dry season. The hope is that fishermen who are poor and vulnerable to being categorized as poor can improve their welfare through more appropriate empowerment programs. Fifth, support for affordable fish auction facilities.
Fisherman insurance is needed. The fishing profession has a high enough risk, which can threaten life and safety. When carrying out fishing activities, fishermen are often faced with unfriendly weather which results in accidents, and often collisions at sea.

Conclusion
Potential fishery resources need to be managed legally in the form of regional political decisions. Political decisions that are translated into district regulations are a form of local government policy in managing natural resources to increase PAD. This policy is formulated by the executive and legislature by taking into account the aspirations of the community and the real conditions in the field. The policy formulation process that involves all components with an interest in the area's fishery object will make the policy ideal. This well-structured policy does not guarantee that it can be implemented properly. The implementation of fisheries management policies is closely related to the policy itself, the implementing organization, and the environment in the form of the socio-economic conditions of the community.